Although multiple reviews have already been published on the topic of pupil dilation and its link with a broad range of cognitive processes (Andreassi, 1980 Beatty & Lucero-Wagoner, 2000 Sirois & Brisson, 2014), such as attention (Laeng, Sirois, & Gredeback, 2012), memory (Goldinger & Papesh, 2012), and mental load (Just, Carpenter, & Miyake, 2003 Kramer, 1990), a comprehensive review on recent studies that have investigated pupil dilation in the context of cognitive control tasks is still missing. In contrast to the early pioneering work, pupil dilation is relatively easy to study nowadays eye trackers are relatively cheap and typically provide adequate temporal resolution and precision to detect even relatively small changes in pupil diameter. This body of literature has started to provide important hints about the potential neurobiological mechanisms that underlie successful or failed recruitment of cognitive effort.Īlthough pupil dilation has been investigated since the early 1960s (Hess & Polt, 1964 Kahneman & Beatty, 1966), pupillometry research has experienced an enormous revival in the last two decades. Numerous recent studies have started to investigate the dilation of the human pupil under such conditions. a traffic accident (Niezgoda, Tarnowski, Kruszewski, & Kamiński, 2015). failing an important math test as a student, to disastrous, e.g. The ability to exert cognitive effort in these situations is highly important (Kahneman, 1973 Shenhav et al., 2017) and failures to do so can have consequences ranging from bad, e.g. After a few attempts, almost everyone is able to observe the pupillary dilation that accompanies mental effort.” Daniel Kahneman, 1973, page 24.Įvery day we encounter situations that demand goal-directed behavior and the control over our automatic, impulsive reactions. Try to solve the problem and watch your pupil at the same time, a rather difficult exercise in divided attention. “Face a mirror, look at your eyes and invent a mathematical problem, such as 81 times 17.
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